Difference Between Organic and Conventional Foods and Farming

Organic foods have become more and more popular over the years, and consumers may or may not be knowledgeable when shopping for organic and/or conventional foods. This report will help define the difference between organic and conventional foods and farming, including the health benefits and risks. The demand for organic foods will also be discussed briefly. The purpose of this research is to describe and identify the advantages and issues that are involved with organic and inorganic foods. Organic Practices Organic foods are those grown without the use of growth hormones, antibiotics, synthetic pesticides, or chemical fertilizers. Genetically modifying crops is also not preformed in organic farming. Soil fertility can be maintained†¦show more content†¦Organic Sales The Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) was formed as part of the 1990 Farm Bill. Three main goals of this act included establishing marketing standards for organically produced products, assuring consumers that organic products met standards, and to assist in interstate commerce. The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances, which was mentioned earlier, was created by the OFPA. A USDA-accredited inspector must inspect all organic operations, in order to maintain standards. This process involves a 3rd-party assurance to verify that organic standards were maintained during raising, processing, and distribution factors. Large fines may be placed for incorrectly using the organic label (Winter Davis, 2006). The National Organic Cost-Share Program, a financial assistance program, was incorporated by the USDA. It is approved for organic farmers in 15 states, which is available for farming incomes higher than $5,000 per year. In 2005, $1 million was available for 15 approved states. The program has continued since 1990 (Winter Davis, 2006). Consumers who purchase organic foods may do so for numerous reasons. However, the organic food sales continue to grow. Refer to Figure 1, which describes organic food sales from 1997-2005 in the United States (Winter Davis, 2006). It is believed by some that consumers purchase organic foods based with the perception that they are a healthierShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of farming. But I have never really know all of the differences between theRead MoreEssay on Organic versus Non-Organic Food and Food Production1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered what the difference is between organic and non organic food? Some may say there aren’t any differences in the food itself, but the real difference lies in the means o f producing the food. The controversy here is the environmental effects of different farming methods. Some believe that organic farming methods are better than conventional farming methods and some believe the opposite. There are many factors to determine which method is better but we are here to investigateRead MoreOrganic Products And Non Organic Foods Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic products and non-organic foods have been a subject of interest for me for a great amount of time because I have often questioned whether there really was a difference between the two types of products. I always wondered what the nutritional, economic, laborious, and pollution differences were, if any, in the creation of the two types of products. . Through research, I have discovered a few sources from claiming data, which permits me to focus more than a physical distinction of the two. InRead MoreHow Organic Food Is Healthier For You1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic food consists of any c rops or animal product produced without the use of pesticides, man-made fertilizers, additives, or growth regulators. ‘In 2002 the USDA created national organic standards, overriding any state regulators and creating a labeling system.’ (Griswold 2015) The Labels include different levels such as â€Å"100 percent organic† which means the product must be made from only organic products, â€Å"organic† products that have at least 95 percent organic ingredients, and products, â€Å"containingRead MoreFarming Is Not A Feasible Method Of Producing Food For The Planet1560 Words   |  7 PagesGANIC FARMING IS NOT A FEASIBLE METHOD OF PRODUCING FOOD FOR THE PLANET. A. Introduction The idealism of Organic farming is a predicated upon excluding the use of synthetic and unnatural methods of producing food with the intent of preserving health and the environment. This agricultural idealism has been widely glorified, and ignorantly so, for being the standard of sustainable farming. However, there are some major factors of organic farming which contribute to the degradation of the environmentRead MoreA Debate Between Organic Foods And Non Organic Food1689 Words   |  7 Pagessurvive without food. Food comes from farms and animals. There are many ways for farming like organic farming, conventional farming, commercial farming, multi-crop farming, factory farming and many more other technique of it. Farming has a significant role in toady’s economy. All people should know what they are eating and they have right to know for their health and survivenment. People need to know how food gets grown, process, transported, marketed, prepared, and organized of food be cause it isRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On Organic Farming1653 Words   |  7 PagesHumans initially began farming organically when European farmers noticed a decrease in soil quality and crop health due to the use of chemical fertilizers (â€Å"Pesticides in Organic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). This drop in soil quality left the farmers no other choice but to cease the use of chemical fertilizers and begin implementing less harmful supplements in order to improve crop quality (â€Å"An Oral History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This less invasive method of farming, otherwise known as organic farming, takes into account â€Å"the medium andRead MoreThe Organic Of Organic Foods Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagescountless options of produce. Shopping in supermarkets, consumers will find many stacks of foods labeled â€Å"Organic†. These foods has opened up more opportunity for both the seller and the consumer, showing to be the highest emerging sectors of the food industry in the past century, as another substitute to conventional foods that is seen in the supermarket. Organic foods, has been shown to be the goods of a farming system which avoids the exploitation of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, additives andRead MoreOrganic Food Industry And Marketing Strategies1110 Words   |  5 Pagesfifteen years, organic food industries and companies have grown up tremendously around for its production and marketing strategies. According to the Organic Trade Association’s 2016 Industry Survey, the total organic products sales in 2015 have increased 11% percent from the previous year’s record level hitting a new benchmark of $43.3 billion, and conventional food products accounted for $3.6 billion. The industry saw its largest annual of all the food sold in the U.S in 2015 was organic was Near toRead MoreOrganic Food - Is It Worth Its Price?1418 Words   |  6 PagesIs Organic Food Worth Its Price? Organic farming began in the late 1940’s in the United States, and in recent years it has seen a dramatic increase in popularity (Rubin 1). The sales of organic food have been increasing by about 20 percent a year over the past decade (Marcus 1). That is over ten times the rate of their conventional counterparts (Harris 1). There are 10 million consumers of organic food in the United States, yet organic food represents only one percent of the nation’s food supply

The Three Spirits of Christmas Free Essays

THE THREE SPIRITS OF CHRISTMAS â€Å"A Christmas Carol† written by Charles Dickens is known all over the world, and is also translated into many different languages. This story is usually told around Christmas time. People use it as an allegory to remind each other the lessons that the three spirits of Christmas teach Ebenezer Scrooge. We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Spirits of Christmas or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, the purpose of the apparition of the three spirits is to give Ebenezer Scrooge the lessons about the true meaning of being human, the valuable of each individual and the importance of society. At the end of the story, the reader can recognize that the lessons live within Scrooge until the end. Second, the physical appearances of each spirit all have their own meaning and all relate to the theme of â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. As the first of the spirit, the Ghost of Christmas past, appears with â€Å"a strange figure† ( ACC, 23). He does not really like a child, a young person or an old man, not a male or a woman (_ACC, 23). He comes into sight to Scrooge with a â€Å"holly leaf† hold in his hand and â€Å"a cap under his arm† (ACC, _23). He also brings with him the light of truth. He wants to remind Scrooge about his past, about how he was happy with people around him, enjoyed his life with others, and how he got carried away with his business, his money, and the result is that he lost everyone, just himself alone in his corner. Through this Spirit, Dickens wants to show the reader the importance of caring for people around. The Ghost of Christmas past represents the memories, and truth. Each one has to remember their past, and learn to accept the positive and the negative of the past in order to become a better man, in order to keep the good in each one’s heart. The appearance of the second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present represents the Christmas celebration. He appears with many foods around him. His throne was made from all kind of foods. (_ACC, 41-42)_. He takes Scrooge everywhere to show him how Christmas is celebrated all over the world. He give blessings to all people who pass across him. The lesson that he teaches Scrooge is about the generosity, the joys of Christmas, joys of participating in society and the real happiness. He is very strict with Scrooge. He always uses Scrooge’s own word to say against Scrooge. He said that Scrooge is not worthy to live in this world (_ACC, 50). And also the most importance lesson is that he wants Scrooge to know that Ignorance and Want will corrupt the society. (ACC, _61) The last spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come, shows up with a very scary atmosphere. His appearance makes people think of death and the fear of it. He shows Scrooge what will happen if Scrooge does not change. The spirit teaches him about the fear of death. There is reward and punishment for every person in the world. The price that people who lives in the same way as Scrooge has to pay is very heavy. That is the judgments. All three spirits have the same purpose to teach Scrooge how to be a man in the world. But their appearance and their lesson is different from each other. The first spirit teaches Scrooge to value his past and learn to accept the truth. The second teaches him to care about people and the last one show him the fear of death. All of the three spirit also wants each one individuals in the world now to learn those lessons as Scrooge did and change their life to goodness to celebrate Christmas in happiness, joy and blessing. TRANSFORMATION OF SCROOGE Ebenezer Scrooge is the main character of â€Å"A Christmas Carol† written by Charles Dickens in 1843. At the beginning of the story, Dickens built Scrooge as a nasty, harsh, stingy, and hard-hearted old man. Nobody likes in at all. Dickens built this character as an old man who people really hates in the story but after the visit of the four spirit-Jacob Marley, the Ghost of Christmas past, the Ghost of Christmas present, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come-he changes his humanity, his social life and also his point of view for Christmas. As the story begins, the readers see an old, cranky man named Ebenezer Scrooge. He is visited by his partner, Marley who died seven years ago. Marley comes to warn him about his lifestyle, to foreshadow him what will happen in the next three nights. After that, Scrooge is visited by the first spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Past. Through this spirit, Scrooge feels regret about what he did to the boy who sings at his office’s door in the evening after he comes back to his childhood and feel the loneliness he had. He wishes that he would be nicer to that boy. â€Å"I wish†¦There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night. I should like to given him something† (_ACC, 28) Then after that, he feels that he is not a good boss to his clerk as Old Fezziwig was to him. All of that feeling comes to him at once. He doesn’t have â€Å"the power to render [his clerk] happy†, â€Å"to make [his clerk] service light†, etc â€Å"I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just now. (ACC, _33). Go on with the story, he continues to change his personality through the second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present. He starts to care about the people around him. First of all, he cares about Tiny Tim, his clerk’s son. He asks the spirit, â€Å"with an interest he had never felt before†, if Tiny Tim will live or not. (_ACC, 50). And his heart seems to be broken when he heard that Tiny Tim will die. â€Å"No, no†¦Oh no, kind spirit! Say he will be spared. † (ACC, 50). Until now, when he heard his own cruel word, he is filled with â€Å"penitence and grief†. He is full of shame when hearing those words. After that, the spirit takes him to his nephew’s house, Fred. He starts to change his social life. He knows that no one can see or hear him but he still enjoys the game with all the people in the room. He has joy and happiness. Uncle Scrooge had imperceptibly become so gay and light of heart, that he would have pledge the unconscious company in return, and thanked them in an inaudible speech, if the Ghost has given him time. † (ACC, _60). Then time goes on, the Ghost of Christmas Present goes away and there, the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come, the last spirit, ap pears in front of him. This is the scariest Ghost of the three. He doesn’t even speak a word. He comes and shows him what will happen if Scrooge keeps lives in his own way, not care about others. The Ghost shows Scrooge his death and no one is around. Poor people stole his thing and sell them away. The Spirit points to him that ignorance will corrupt the society. Finally, Scrooge understands all of that and promises the spirit that he will â€Å"honor Christmas in his heart†, he will become a good man, people will love him and â€Å"the three spirit of Christmas† will live within him. (_ACC, 78). _ In conclusion, a man always said that Christmas is a â€Å"humbug† now becomes a good man. Scrooge is â€Å"better than his word†. He now honor Christmas with all his heart. He becomes a caring man, a large-heart and participate in the society. How to cite The Three Spirits of Christmas, Papers

Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality

Question: Discuss about the Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality. Answer: Medication-related errors are some of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) manages the developments on medication and determent of medication errors. This report would be a short examination of the questions in the area of medicine. Q1: Pharmaceutical companies conduct clinical trials to determine the efficacy (effectiveness) and safety of the medication. Briefly, outline the FOUR (4) phases of clinical trials (8 marks) Clinical trials usually take four stages (Cingi Muluk, 2016). In phase I, practitioners study the maximum dose that a human can handle. It also examines the extent of the toxicity of the drug. Besides, Griffin (2009) says that phase 1 examines the pharmacokinetics of the drug, pharmacodynamics, and its safety. Phase II trials assess the drug's efficacy, its therapeutic dose limit, length of treatment, and the accurate dosage with least side effects. In Muluk (2016), this phase occurs once the drug gets its first-time use. In phase III trials, (Cingi Muluk, 2016) states that practitioners evaluate real results in diverse patients. Phase III correlates new medications with the regular medicines. This correlation intends to test the new drug's long-term safety and tolerability. Phase IV is the last phase of the trials. Phase iv comes after the drug's approval for sale and consumption (Cingi Muluk, 2016). These tests strive to deal with any further accounts of adverse reactions. They also aim to study drug's effect on morbidity of mortality (Cingi Muluk, 2016). Q2: (a) Briefly outline the main responsibility of the Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) (2 marks) The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) administers Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). This Act regulates all therapeutic goods used, produced or imported to Australia. TGA manages this role by monitoring the quality, safety, efficacy and timely availability. b) Describe TWO (2) ways medications are regulated by the TGA for use in Australia (4 marks) There are two main avenues of TGA's medical regulations. One is Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) Scheme. Forrester and Griffiths (2011) states CTN requires the sponsor to the trial proposal to the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). The HREC examines the proposal's trial design, efficacy, safety, and the ethical position the medicines (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). The second one is the Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX) scheme (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). In this one, the sponsor presents the clinical trial proposal to the TGA for evaluation. The main difference is that in CTN, HREC examines the trial proposal and signs the reviewed trial proposal. In CTX, HREC is only responsible for the consideration of the scientific and ethical position of the trial Q3: Briefly define the terms pharmacokinetics (4 marks) AND pharmacodynamics (2 marks) Pharmacokinetics is adopted from two Greek words. These are pharmacon which means drug, and kinesis which means motion (Halter, 2017). Therefore, pharmacokinetics is the examination of the drug absorption, distribution, and elimination from the body (Halter, 2017). In particular, it involves looking at the time that the body takes to metabolize the drug in different body tissues. For instance, Halter (2017) states that toxicokinetics as one principle found in pharmacokinetics. This principle studies the drug clearance process in the body. It looks at the entire process of excretion. On the other hand, pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical, physiological, and molecular consequences of the drug on the body (Halter, 2017). Pharmacodynamics correlate the drug concentration on the site position and the and the degree of the effects created by the drug (Halter, 2017). In short, pharmacodynamics deals actions of the drug on the body while Pharmacodynamics deals with the body's response to the drug. Q4: In relation to oral medications, explain the phenomenon known as the hepatic first pass effect (10 marks) The first-pass effect is a process by which the liver metabolizes the drugs before they pass into the circulation. Robertson (2017) states that after swallowing the drug, the digestive system of the body absorbs it through the alimentary canal. From there, the drug enters the hepatic portal system and where it the portal vein picks it and takes it to the liver before it reaches the other organs of the body (Robertson, 2017). In the liver, the drugs come into contact with the hepatic enzymes. These enzymes one being hepatic enzyme metabolize the drug to the extent of reducing its active amount (Robertson, 2017). After the reduction, the remaining small amount emerges from the liver to the bloodstream. However, this first pass action that happens in the liver significantly decreases the bioavailability of the medicine (Robertson, 2017). One of the medications that suffer first pass effects is nitroglycerin. When a patient takes this drug orally, it undergoes the first pass process which makes it inactive. When administered sublingually, it bypasses the liver and enters the superior vena cava nitroglycerin. Q5: (a) Briefly describe why Glyceryl Trinitrate 600 microgram tablets must only be administered sublingually (3 marks), The work of (Dev, Mundke, Pawar, Mohanty (2016) states that when glyceryl trinitrate is taken sublingual, it is absorbed via the buccal mucosa and enters the bloodstream. However, when taken orally, it suffers the extensive first-pass effect. (b) List TWO(2) specific areas of education you should deliver to the patient that only relate to the medication Glyceryl Trinitrate (2 marks) The two specific areas of education are adverse interactions and tolerance. For Adverse interactions, the patient may experience nasal decongestion (Fox, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate can also cause an increase the blood pressure hence rendering anti-hypertensive drugs ineffective (Fox, 2013). Also, patients may experience low blood pressure while standing, and it causes dizziness or even fainting when used with tricyclic anti-depressants or the general tranquilizers. Notably, cannabis deactivates glyceryl trinitrate. For tolerance and dependence, glyceryl trinitrate may become tolerant on regular consumption (Fox, 2013). Also, other mechanisms of its use like ointments, discs, and patches which offer 24-hour absorption may have tolerance effects (Fox, 2013). Q6 Outline FIVE (5) different roles and/or responsibilities of the: Registered Nurse (5 marks) There are different roles of registered nurses (RNs) One of the roles is the administration of medicines. In this, the nurse must ensure the patients receive correct drugs. Second is supervisory duties. This one happens where there are individuals under self-administration of medicines (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011). Thirdly, conducting patient education. Patient education help in ensuring that consumers have knowledge on the medication regimen. Also, they have role for conducting medication review. In (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011), nurses compare the drugs administered with the patients record to ensure there is rationality on each drug administered. This is more of a co-ordinational or implementational duty. Lastly, nurses undertake researchers as a support for improving practice and health medication. Pharmacist (5 marks), As medical professionals, one of the roles of pharmacists is reviewing prescriptions. In (Carnes, 2017) This means that its their role to review prescriptions either in the care units or in the pharmacy to minimize medication error. The second role is to assist physicians in the selection of the drug product, its dosage form, and its schedules. This role can help in minimizing wrong dose error (Carnes, 2017). Thirdly, clinical pharmacists help in monitoring medication. For example, they can monitor the patients corrective drug levels. A pharmacist also takes a non-medical role like prescribing drugs (Carnes, 2017). Lastly, its their duty to ensure safe storage of drugs and labeling them appropriately. Doctor (5 marks) The duties and responsibilities of doctors are working as the key prescribers on all medications. Their competence is significantly required to reduce medical errors (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Second is obtaining information regarding patients' medical history. This helps the doctor to eliminate chances of prescribing the same previous drugs or extra-dose error. Thirdly, pharmacological management of care. This role involves drugs administration. Also, it's the work of the doctors to initiate therapy process. Still, their competence would reduce wrong dose error by avoiding drugs spelling mistakes (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Finally, doctors also rule on the therapeutic and adverse effects of the drug therapy on the patients' condition and modifying medication plan. Q7: DescribeFIVE(5) different types of medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) A wrong-dose error happens when a patient receives a dose containing the wrong number of dosage units (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015). The error occurs when during the counting of tablets, or during the measuring of liquid medicines. Also, (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015) explains wrong-route errors as an error that happens when the patient receives the drug through an unplanned site. For example, giving the medicine via the left ear instead of the right ear. On wrong-time errors (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015), these usually happen when the set date of drug administration is missed. It can be either giving the dose 60 minutes earlier or before the intended or time of administration. An extra-dose error happens when the patient takes more dose than what the physician ordered (Perry, Potter Ostendorf, 2016). Such error occurs when a patient receives an expired order or the drug or when the patient receives the drug when its still on hold. Q8: (a) Explain the difference between the person-centered approach (5 marks) and the system-approach to human error (5 marks) The person-centered approach looks at failure as a result of unsafe acts and procedural violations of the people at the sharp end (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). These acts or violations are, for example, tiredness, forgetfulness, poor motivation, etc. The approach argues that behind every failure, there must be someone to take the blame. For this, the countermeasures are meant to reduce the undesired human behavior. In contrast. system approach assumes that failure is an unavoidable outcome of human systems (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). That is, people are prone to mistakes. Therefore, countermeasures come in place on the basis that people cannot depart from their conditions, but they can modify their working conditions. So, this approach looks at failure as a system problem instead of people's weakness. b) Defences, barriers, and safeguards are components of James Reasons (1990) Swiss Cheese Model.' Briefly, explain how these factors can prevent a medication error from occurring (4 marks) The Swiss cheese model (SCM) was an explanation of (Reason, 2000) on error prevention. The(SCM) explains that a system can have numerous barriers (slice) for errors. Naturally, these barriers have defects(holes) that may permit errors. Since barriers open and close randomly, this will prevent a mistake from passing through the barriers. However, if barriers open at the same time, an error would reach the patient end. In a practical illustration, Slice 1 can be practitioners training. Slice 2 can be computer pop-ups for confirming medication. Slice 3 can be structured surgical briefings, handoffs, checklists, etc. Slice 4 could be institutional policies requiring a practitioner to read, approve, and commit. c) Holes in the defenses arise because of active failures and latent conditions. In relation to medication errors identify: i. THREE (3) possible Latent conditions (3 marks) Latent conditions are typically hidden failures that set-up holes in the Swiss cheese and they are hard to identify or find (Carroll, 2013). Some of them are poor work policies, unfavorable environmental factors, faulty equipment and protocols etc. ii. THREE (3) possible Active failures (3 marks) Active conditions are those resulting from a professional's appropriate behavior (Carroll, 2013). Examples of them are violating safety policy, not following up on a patient promptly, and missing a diagnosis. Q9: Describe FIVE (5) factors that contribute to medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) There is a clear indication of a relationship between work environment, human activities, medication errors. These factors take two classifications either individual or organizational factors. For instance, one factor that leads to medical error is heavy workloads and staffing (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). Examples of these are a rapid change of situation, shortage of staffs, unfamiliar professionals, etc. Second is team factor (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). Poor communication between the team members can cause a medication error, and effective communication will limit it. For instance, during handovers, poor communication among team members may cause clinicians to miss some information. Another factor is medication packaging, management, storage and delivery (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, similar drug packaging or labeling will increase chances for an error. Next is policy and procedure factors (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, a rule requiring that a second checker to confirm the 'five rights' of the correct dose, time, person, medication can easily be violated. Lastly is inadequate continuity of care (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). This factor comes when patients stop their care before actual discharge. When this happens, patients lack their medication which is one of the errors. Conclusion Patient safety is an essential health care problem due to consequences of medication accidents. For instance, medication mistakes in acute care conditions are frequent and sometimes predictable. Therefore, an approach to identify these failures can be helpful in redesigning the faulty systems and restore trust from consumers. References Dev, A., Mundke, S., Pawar, P., Mohanty, S. (2016). Critical aspects in sublingual route of drug delivery. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 3(1), 42-49. Retrieved from https://www.onlinepbe.com/index.php/PBE/article/view/70 Feleke, S. A., Mulatu, M. A., Yesmaw, Y. S. (2015). Medication administration error: Magnitude and associated factors among nurses in Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 14, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-015-0099-1 Carnes, R. (2017). The Wall Street Journal Guidebook On Pharmacy (1st ed.). Lulu Press, Inc. Cingi, C., Muluk, N. (2016). The Phases of Clinical Studies. Quick Guide To Good Clinical Practice, 105-114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44344-7_12 Forrester, K., Griffiths, D. (2011). Essentials of law for medical practitioners (1st ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier. Carroll, R. (2013). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations, 3 Volume Set (6th ed.). John Wiley Sons. Fox, K. (2013). Ischaemic heart disease (2nd ed.). Springer. Griffin, J. (2009). The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Halter, M. (2017). Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing - E-Book (8th ed., p. 48). Elsevier Health Sciences. Hamlin, L., Richardson-Tench, M., Davies, M. (2011). Perioperative Nursing. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Perry, A., Potter, P., Ostendorf, W. (2016). Nursing interventions clinical skills. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. Robertson, D. (2017). First pass metabolism. Nurse Prescribing, 15(6), 303-305. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2017.15.6.303 Scott-Brown, M., Van der Kogel, A. (2008). Basic Clinical Radiobiology (5th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. Willson, K., Ison, K., Tabakov, S. (2013). Medical equipment management (1st ed.). CRC Press. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management. BMJ?: British Medical Journal, 320(7237), 768770. Gluyas, H., Morrison, P. (2013). Patient Safety: An Essential Guide (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. Koch, S., Gloth, F., Nay, R. (2010). Medication Management in Older Adults. New York, NY: Springer New York. Legislation Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). Canberra. Australia